Disturbed mitochondrial energy production in methylmalonic aciduria is cell-type and variant-dependent

Abstract

Methylmalonic aciduria (MMA) is caused by deficiency of methylmalonyl-CoA mutase (MMUT), which catalyses the final step of propionate catabolism and fuels the tricarboxylic acid cycle for energy production. Previous studies reported disrupted mitochondrial homeostasis in MMA, including reduced mitochondrial membrane potential and increased oxidative stress, especially in energetically demanding and chronically affected tissues like brain and kidneys. However, how these changes impact mitochondrial energy production remains unclear. Here, we systematically investigated mitochondrial energy production using extracellular flux analysis in cellular models of MMA, including 293T cells, patient-derived fibroblasts, urine-derived epithelial kidney cells and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) as well as iPSC-derived neurons harbouring either complete loss (knockout, KO) or pathogenic missense variants in MMUT. We found no impact on mitochondrial energy production in MMUT-KO 293T cells and fibroblasts compared to controls. In contrast, fibroblasts and 293T cells expressing the pathogenic MMUT-p.N219Y variant showed decreased energy production. This corresponds to the altered mitochondrial membrane potential in 293T cells, but contrasts with their unchanged mitochondrial abundance. Depletion of glucose, glutamine and pyruvate from the media or provision of each individually as sole fuel source exacerbated the phenotype of MMUT-p.N219Y clones, but did not induce a phenotype in MMUT-KO 293T cells. Finally, we confirmed reduced mitochondrial energy production in patient-derived kidney cells but found no evidence in MMUT-p.N219Y iPSCs and their derived neurons. Overall, our work suggests that the impact of MMUT-deficiency on mitochondrial energy production is cell type- and variant-dependent. Further investigations should clarify molecular mechanisms and their clinical impact.