Divergent spatial codes in retrosplenial cortex and hippocampus support multi-scale representation of complex environments

In everyday life, mammals navigate through environments composed of multiple interconnected spaces. Understanding how the brain encodes space in such complex settings is essential to uncover the mechanisms that support flexible navigation in the real world. In this study, we investigated how the retrosplenial cortex (RSC) and the hippocampus (HPC) encode spatial information in multi-room environments by recording neuronal activity in rats exploring environments composed of two or four connected rooms. These environments varied both in their structural layout and in their sensory features, allowing us to disentangle the influence of environmental geometry from that of local sensory cues. We found that two types of directional coding coexist within the RSC: classical head direction cells maintained a stable preferred firing direction across all rooms, while multidirectional cells expressed room-specific directional tuning that followed the geometric structure of the environment (e.g., 180{degrees} or 90{degrees} rotations). In addition, non-directional RSC neurons displayed room-specific spatial firing patterns that repeated across rooms following geometric transformations, similar to the activity observed in multidirectional cells. In contrast, hippocampal place cells either remapped between rooms or showed simple translational repetition, without preserving any geometric alignment. Taken together, these findings reveal a functional dissociation between retrosplenial and hippocampal spatial codes. The RSC supports a structured, multi-scale representation of space, segmenting the environment into locally anchored reference frames embedded within a coherent global geometry. The HPC, by contrast, encodes room-specific representations independently for each compartment. This division may support flexible navigation in complex environments by integrating geometry-based spatial segmentation and unification in the RSC with context-specific encoding in the HPC, thereby enabling multi-level spatial coding across interconnected spaces.