Biohybrid toggle switches: leveraging bistability in muscle-actuated machines
Ronald H. Heisser, Ozgun Kilic Afsar, Pria Sawhney, Nicols Castro, Inkyu Lee, Annika Marschner, Ritu Raman
This paper introduces a biohybrid bistable switching mechanism using skeletal muscle to achieve energy-efficient, reversible toggling between states, demonstrating its potential as an electromechanical switch in robotics.
bioRxiv · Oct 9, 2026 · PreprintBioengineering