Adaptive Laboratory Evolution under gradual ciprofloxacin stress leads to efflux-mediated ciprofloxacin resistance and an increase in endogenous antibiotic production in Streptomyces coelicolor.
Ankita Nag, Charushila Kumbhar, Sarika Mehra
This study uses adaptive laboratory evolution to show that Streptomyces coelicolor develops ciprofloxacin resistance via efflux pumps and increased antibiotic production, with cross-resistance and collateral sensitivity to other drugs.
bioRxiv · Dec 22, 2025 · PreprintMicrobiology