Adaptation to free-living drives loss of beneficial endosymbiosis through metabolic trade-offs
Erika M. Hansson, Irma Vitonytė, Guy Leonard, Rachel Smith, Daniel Malumphy-Montesdeoca, Fiona R. Savory, Perdita E. Barran, Luke T. Dunning, Jon Slate, Thomas A. Richards, Andrew P. Beckerman, Duncan Drummond Cameron, Michael A. Brockhurst
The paper shows that adaptation to free-living conditions in algal endosymbionts leads to loss of host benefits, driven by metabolic trade-offs, with nitrogen availability as a key factor.
bioRxiv · Apr 19, 2026 · PreprintEvolutionary Biology