Bacterial Membrane Vesicles in Wastewater Disseminate Antibiotic Resistance Genes
Hongyue Zhang, Mahmud Syed, Zhenzhen He, Xiaonan Tang, Rui Fu, Yujie Men, Tiong Gim Aw, Joan B. Rose, Danmeng Shuai, Yun Shen
This study isolates bacterial membrane vesicles from wastewater and finds they carry antibiotic resistance genes, persist through treatment, and contribute to antimicrobial resistance spread.
bioRxiv · May 12, 2026 · PreprintMicrobiology