Frequency modulation of organelle calcium-dependent voltage oscillations: an essential memory trace produced by operant conditioning in Aplysia
Laura Puygrenier, John Simmers, Romuald Nargeot
The paper shows that operant reward-learning increases the cycle frequency of calcium oscillations in Aplysia neurons, forming a memory trace for learned motor behavior.
bioRxiv · Aug 4, 2026 · PreprintNeuroscience