Sex-related signatures in the plasma proteome not attributable to XX and XY chromosomes and their impact on health and disease
Essi Viippola, Tuomo Hartonen, Meihui Zhu, Zhijian Yang, Ryuya Edahiro, Tomoko Nakanishi, Ao Lan, Masahiro Kanai, Nhi N.L. Nguyen, Tatiana Cajuso, Daniela Fusco, Chiara Caime, Kristina Zguro, Sebastian May-Wilson, M. Austin Argentieri, , Andrea Ganna
The paper introduces the Proteomic Sex Index (PSI), a continuous measure of plasma proteome alignment with chromosomal sex, showing its association with health and disease traits.
medRxiv · Oct 21, 2026 · PreprintGenetic & Genomic Medicine