Ice drives the emergence of functional protocells
Tatsuya Shinoda, Kimberly Poppy Sinclair, Natsumi Noda, Shunto Harada, Hye-Eun Lee, Ryuhei Nakamura, Tomoaki Matsuura
This study shows that freeze-thaw cycles can concentrate molecules, form membrane compartments, and activate a transcription-translation system, suggesting a physical pathway for the emergence of functional protocells.
bioRxiv · Oct 16, 2026 · PreprintSynthetic Biology