Mechanical and morphological effects of intervertebral disc injury: a systematic review of in vivo animal studies
Fangxin Xiao, Jaap H. van Dieën, Andrés Vidal-Itriago…·Huub Maas
This paper reviews in vivo animal studies on intervertebral disc injury, finding significant mechanical and morphological changes, with Youngs modulus as a sensitive marker of degeneration.