Xiong Shen

This study shows that rapid humidity increases in heat tolerance tests underestimate human heat tolerance due to non-equilibrium physiological responses, suggesting slower protocols or prolonged exposures are more accurate.

Controlled 8-hour indoor trials with 36 hydrated young adults establish empirical heat-survival maps across 32-35°C wet-bulb temperatures, showing uncompensable heat at 34-35°C and longer female endurance.