Cardenolide toxin diversity impacts monarch butterfly growth and sequestration
Anurag A Agrawal, Amy Picard Hastings, Paola Andrea Rubiano-Buitrago
This study shows that N,S-cardenolides in milkweed reduce monarch caterpillar growth and sequestration, with mixtures having greater negative impacts than individual toxins.
eLife · Mar 16, 2026Peer-reviewedEcology