Axial Rotation Comprises Concurrent Twisting and Bending, Each Differentially Regulated by TGF-β Signaling
Yuki S Kogure, Satoru Okuda, Kotaro Oka, Kohji Hotta
The paper demonstrates that axial rotation in Ciona involves leftward bending and clockwise twisting, differentially regulated by TGF-β signaling.
bioRxiv · Oct 23, 2025 · PreprintDevelopmental Biology