Prey age modifies risk-taking behavior in a multi-predator environment
Brian J. Smith, Tal Avgar, Scott D. Peacor, Daniel R. Stahler, Matthew C. Metz, Jack W. Rabe, Wesley Binder, Daniel R. MacNulty
The paper examines how prey age affects risk-taking behavior in the presence of multiple predators, finding that older female elk reduce risk-taking toward wolves but not cougars.
bioRxiv · Jul 22, 2026 · PreprintEcology