Animal Behavior & CognitionbioRxivPreprint
Expecting the unexpected: Great apes anticipate surprise in others
I. B. Laumer, Laura S. Lewis, Johanna Eckert…·Erica A. Cartmill
This study shows great apes can detect when an agent's belief mismatches reality, indicating a cognitive understanding of surprise.
DOI 10.64898/2026.10.12.758475