Disproportionate CH4 sink strength from an endemic, sub-alpine Australian soil microbial community

Soil-to-atmosphere methane (CH4) fluxes are dependent on opposing microbial processes of production and consumption. Here we use a soil-vegetation gradient in an Australian sub-alpine ecosystem to examine links between composition of soil microbial communities, and the fluxes of greenhouse gases they regulate. For each soil-vegetation type (forest, grassland, and bog), we measured carbon dioxide (CO2) and CH4 fluxes and their production/consumption at 5-cm intervals to a depth of 30 cm. All soils were sources of CO2, ranging from 49-93 mg CO2 m-2 h-1. Forest soils were strong net sinks for CH4 at rates up to -413 {micro}g CH4 m-2 h-1. Grassland soils varied with some soils acting as sources and some as sinks, but overall averaged -97 {micro}g CH4 m-2 h-1. Bog soils were net sources of CH4 (+340 {micro}g CH4 m-2 h-1). Methanotrophs were dominated by USC in forest and grassland soils, and Candidatus Methylomirabilis sp. in the bog soils. Methylocystis were also detected at relatively low abundance. The potential disproportionately large contribution of these ecosystems to global CH4 oxidation, and poorly understood microbial community regulating it, highlight our dependence on soil ecosystem services in remote locations can be driven by a unique population of soil microbes. Originality-Significance Statement(Identify the key aspects of originality and significance that place the work within the top 10% of current research in environmental microbiology) Novel methanotrophic bacteria have been discovered in recent years, but few studies have examined the total known diversity of methanotrophs together with the net flux of CH4 from soils. We used an ecosystem with a vegetation-soil gradient in the sub-alpine regions of Australia (with extremely strong consumption of atmospheric CH4) to examine microbial and abiotic drivers of CH4 fluxes across this gradient. Recently characterized methanotrophs, either USC in forest and grassland soils, or oxygenic Candidatus Methylomirabilis sp. in the bog soil were dominant. Methanotrophs belonging to the families Methylococcaceae and Methylocystaceae represented only a small minority of the methanotrophs in this ecosystem.