Synchrony between daily rhythms of malaria parasites and hosts is driven by an essential amino acid

Rapid asexual replication of blood stage malaria parasites is responsible for the severity of disease symptoms and fuels the production of transmission forms. That malaria parasite species coordinate their cycles of asexual replication with daily rhythms of their host was discovered in the Hippocratic era, but how and why this occurs is enigmatic. Here, we demonstrate that the Plasmodium chabaudis schedule for asexual replication can be orchestrated by a isoleucine, metabolite provided to the parasite in periodic manner due to the hosts rhythmic intake of food. First, we identify nutrients with daily rhythms in the blood that match the timing of rhythms in both host feeding and the developmental schedule of asexually replicating parasites. We hypothesise that if parasites set their own developmental schedule, they should use a time-of-day cue that is a factor they cannot generate endogenously at any time-of-day, or scavenge in a round-the-clock manner. Our large-scale metabolomics experiment reveals that only one metabolite - the amino acid isoleucine - fits these criteria. Second, further experiments reveal that parasites alter the developmental schedule of asexual stages in response to isoleucine provision and withdrawal in the manner consistent with it acting as a time-cue. Specifically, parasites respond to isoleucine loss by slowing development. This is a parasite strategy rather than the consequences of an imposed constraint, because unlike when parasites are deprived of other essential nutrients, they suffer no apparent costs in the absence of isoleucine. Overall, our data suggest parasites can use the daily rhythmicity of blood-isoleucine concentration to synchronise asexual development with the availability of isoleucine, and potentially other resources, that arrive in the blood in a periodic manner due to the hosts daily feeding-fasting cycle. Identifying both how and why parasites keep time opens avenues for interventions; interfering with the parasites time-keeping mechanism may stall replication, increasing the efficacy of drugs and immune responses, and could also prevent parasites from entering dormancy to tolerate drugs.