Cued replay of memory contents in human infants

Sequentially structured and temporally compressed reactivation of memory contents plays a key role for learning in the mature mammalian brain. This type of neural coding, known as replay, could also drive the enormous progress in sequential learning seen in human early life. Rodent models, however, suggest that replay emerges slowly and refines gradually in childhood. To test whether this prediction holds in humans, we introduced a novel fast event-related stimulation paradigm for infants undergoing non-invasive electroencephalography. Leveraging time-resolved decoding techniques we discovered multimodal replay already in infants as young as 10 months. Reactivation responses revealed a forward sequential structure and temporal compression of the learnt sequence by a factor of 6 to 7. These results demonstrate cued replay activity at the macroscopic level in the first year of life, an age at which it has not been found in rodent place cells. Our insights stimulate future research exploring how replay contributes to the development of fundamental human cognitive capacities including language processing and action planning.