Paratyphoid Fever and Relapsing Fever in 1812 Napoleon's Devastated Army

During Napoleons retreat from Russia in 18121, countless soldiers of the French army succumbed to infectious diseases, but the responsible pathogen or pathogens remain debated2-5. We recovered and sequenced ancient DNA from the teeth of 13 soldiers who, based on historical records, likely died from infectious diseases, aiming to identify the pathogens responsible for their deaths6. Our results confirmed the presence of Salmonella enterica subsp enterica belonging to the lineage Para C, the causative agent of paratyphoid fever7 ; and Borrelia recurrentis, responsible for relapsing fever transmitted by body lice8. We were not able to detect Rickettsia prowazekii (the agent of typhus) and Bartonella quintana (the cause of trench fever), which had previously been associated with this deadly event, based on PCR results and historical symptom descriptions3. The presence of these previously unsuspected pathogens in these soldiers reveals that they could have contributed to the devastation of Napoleons Grande Armee during its disastrous retreat in 1812. HighlightsO_LIGenetic evidence of S. Paratyphi C and B. recurrentis in Napoleonic soldiers C_LIO_LIPhylogeny-driven authentication workflow for ultra-low-coverage pathogen aDNA C_LIO_LIHistorical descriptions of Napoleons army illness match paratyphoid fever symptoms C_LIO_LIMultiple infections likely contributed to the collapse of Napoleons 1812 campaign C_LI