The dominant axes of lifetime behavioral variation in honey bees

Insect colonies are decentralized systems that employ task allocation, whereby individuals undertake different roles to fulfil colony needs, such as honey bee "nurses", "nest workers", and "foragers". However, the extent to which individuals can be well-classified by discrete "roles", how they change behavior from day-to-day, over entire lifetimes, and with environmental conditions, is poorly understood. Using long-term automated tracking of over 4,200 individually-identified bees Apis mellifera, we use behavioral metrics to quantify and compare behavior. We show that individuals exhibit behavioral variation along two dominant axes that represent nest substrate use and movement within the nest. Across lifetimes, we find that individuals differ in foraging onset, and that certain bees exhibit lifelong consistencies in their movement patterns. Furthermore, we examine a period of sudden nectar availability where the honey stores tripled over 6 days, and see that the colony exhibits a distributed shift in activity that did not require a large-scale colony reorganization. Our quantitative approach shows how collective units differ over days and lifetimes, and how sources of variation and variability contribute to the colonys robust yet flexible response.