Finding rearrangements in nanopore DNA reads with LAST and dnarrange

Long-read DNA sequencing techniques such as nanopore are especially useful for characterizing complex sequence rearrangements, which occur in some genetic diseases and also during evolution. Analyzing the sequence data to understand such rearrangements is not trivial, due to sequencing error, rearrangement intricacy, and abundance of repeated similar sequences in genomes. The O_SCPLOWLASTC_SCPLOW and dnarrange software packages can resolve complex relationships between DNA sequences, and characterize changes such as gene conversion, processed pseudogene insertion, and chromosome shattering. They can filter out numerous rearrangements shared by controls, e.g. healthy humans versus a patient, to focus on rearrangements unique to the patient. One useful ingredient is last-train, which learns the rates (probabilities) of deletions, insertions, and each kind of base match and mismatch. These probabilities are then used to find the most likely sequence relationships/alignments, which is especially useful for DNA with unusual rates, such as DNA from Plasmodium falciparum (malaria) with [~] 80% a+t. This is also useful for less-studied species that lack reference genomes, so the DNA reads are compared to a different species genome. We also point out that a reference genome with ancestral alleles would be ideal.