Spatial metabolomics for symbiotic marine invertebrates

Abstract

Microbial symbionts frequently localize within specific body structures or cell types of their multicellular hosts. This spatiotemporal niche is critical to host health, nutrient exchange and fitness. Measuring host-microbe metabolite exchange has conventionally relied on tissue homogenates, eliminating dimensionality and dampening analytical sensitivity. We have developed a mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) workflow for a soft- and hard-bodied cnidarian animal capable of revealing the host and symbiont metabolome in situ, without the need for a priori isotopic labelling or skeleton decalcification. The MSI method provides critical functional insights that cannot be gleaned from bulk tissue analyses or other presently available spatial methods. We show that cnidarian hosts may regulate microalgal symbionts acquisition and rejection through specific ceramides distributed throughout the tissue lining the gastrovascular cavity; once resident, symbionts reside in light-exposed tentacles to generate photosynthate. These spatial patterns reveal how symbiont identity can drive host metabolism.