Nanoscale curvature promotes high yield spontaneous formation of cell-mimetic giant vesicles

To date, surface-assisted assembly of cell-like giant vesicles use planar surfaces and require the application of electric fields or dissolved molecules to obtain adequate yields. Here, we present the use of nanoscale surface curvature and hydrophilic surface chemistry to promote the high yield assembly of GUVs. We show that assembly on surfaces composed of entangled hydrophilic nanocellulose fibers results in an unprecedented 100,000-fold reduction in costs while increasing yields compared to extant techniques. Quantitative measurements of yields provide mechanistic insight on the effect of nanoscale curvature and the effect of surface chemistry. We present a thermodynamic budding and merging, BNM, model that unifies observations of assembly. The BNM model considers the change in free energy by balancing elastic, adhesion, and membrane edge energies in the formation of surface-attached spherical buds. Due to curvature and the hydrophilicity of cellulose, energetically unfavorable formation of buds on planar and spherical surfaces becomes favorable (spontaneous) on surfaces composed of cylindrical cellulose nanofibers. TOC Graphic O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=121 SRC="FIGDIR/small/227686v2_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1"> View larger version (66K): org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@3452a4org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@11da2a1org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@a021a1org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1000acb_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP M_FIG C_FIG