Origins and evolutionary trajectories of morbilliviruses in Neotropical bats

Abstract

Bats are important reservoirs of paramyxoviruses, yet their role in the evolutionary origins of morbilliviruses like measles and rinderpest viruses remains unclear. Investigating wild bats (38/1,629 RT-PCR positive) and non-human primates (NHP, 13/1,370 RT-PCR-positive) from Latin America coupled with data mining, we identified six divergent morbilliviruses. High morbillivirus concentrations in bat organs and morbillivirus RNA staining in NHP livers suggested systemic infection. Of 117 vampire bats, 35.9% had neutralizing antibodies against a primary vampire bat morbillivirus isolate, suggesting frequent survived infections. Usage of bat, but not human, CD150 for cell entry and partial cross-neutralization of bat-associated morbillivirus by heterologous sera suggested conserved entry and antigenicity. Macro-evolutionary reconstructions revealed a predominant role of Neotropical bats during morbilliviral diversification, including bat-associated host shifts into Mexican pigs and Brazilian NHPs. These data argue for increased surveillance, experimental risk assessments, vaccine development, and intervention strategies to cease future outbreaks of previously reservoir-bound morbilliviruses.