The volitional control of individual motor units is constrained within low-dimensional neural manifolds by common inputs

AbstractThe implementation of low-dimensional movement control by the central nervous system has been debated for decades. In this study, we investigated the dimensionality of the control signals received by spinal motor neurons when controlling either the ankle or knee joint torque. We first identified the low-dimensional latent factors underlying motor unit activity during torque- matched isometric contractions. Subsequently, we evaluated the extent to which motor units could be independently controlled. To this aim, we used an online control paradigm in which participants received the corresponding motor unit firing rates as visual feedback. We identified two main latent factors, regardless of the muscle group (vastus lateralis-medialis and gastrocnemius lateralis-medialis). The motor units of the gastrocnemius lateralis could be controlled largely independently from those of the gastrocnemius medialis during ankle plantarflexion. This dissociation of motor unit activity imposed similar behavior to the motor units that were not displayed in the feedback. Conversely, it was not possible to dissociate the activity of the motor units between the vastus lateralis and medialis muscles during the knee extension tasks. These results demonstrate that the number of latent factors estimated from linear dimensionality reduction algorithms does not necessarily reflect the dimensionality of volitional control of motor units. Overall, individual motor units were never controlled independently of all others but rather belonged to synergistic groups. Together, these findings provide evidence for a low-dimensional control of motor units constrained by common inputs, with notable differences between muscle groups. Significance statementIn this study, we initially examined the latent factors underlying motor unit activity in the vastii or gastrocnemii muscles during torque-matched isometric contractions. We then explored the extent to which these motor units could be controlled independently, using an online control paradigm where participants received visual information on motor unit firing rates. Although participants were able to dissociate the activity of a few motor unit pairs (from the gastrocnemius medialis and lateralis muscles), our results provide direct evidence of a low- dimensional control, constrained by common inputs, limiting flexibility in motor unit recruitment. Furthermore, we show that the number of latent factors identified by dimensionality reduction algorithms does not necessarily reflect the dimensionality of volitional control of motor units.