CBP/p300 lysine acetyltransferases inhibit HIV-1 expression in latently infected T-cells

HIV-1 latency is regulated by chromatin modifying enzymes, and histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) were previously found to reactivate provirus expression. We report that inhibitors of CBP/p300 acetyltransferases also cause reversal of latency in T-cells. CBP/p300 inhibitors synergize with mechanistically diverse latency reversing agents to cause HIV-1 reactivation. In contrast, inhibition of CBP/p300 impaired the latency reversal by the HDACi SAHA, indicating that CBP/p300 contribute to acetylation on the HIV-1 LTR associated with HDACi-mediated latency reversal. CBP/p300 inhibition caused loss of H3K27ac and H3K4me3 from the LTR, but did not affect association of the inhibitor protein BRD4. Furthermore, inhibition of the additional lysine acetyl transferases PCAF/GCN5 or KAT6A/KAT6B also caused reversal of latency, suggesting that protein acetylation has an inhibitory effect on HIV-1 expression. Collectively, these observations indicate that transcription from the HIV-1 LTR is controlled both positively and negatively by protein acetylation, likely including both histone and non-histone regulatory targets.