A graphical approach of the interplay of eco-evolutionary dynamics and coexistence

Given the accumulation of evidence that evolution can affect ecological dynamics, especially under global change scenarios, a key question is how such ecoevolutionary dynamics may change the coexistence of species and biodiversity in general. In the present article, we propose a graphical approach allowing to simultaneously discuss ecological coexistence and phenotype evolution. Our graphical approach allows tackling the two aspects in the same parameter space, allowing direct links between ecological and evolutionary perspectives. While evolution is often thought positive for the resilience of ecological systems, we first highlight it does not usually allow for better coexistence for the system as a whole. Even when focusing on the fate of the species that is evolving, evolution often leads to greater vulnerability. The graphical approach we propose is flexible and can be applied to all interaction types and covers variations in trade-off structures. Using this flexibility, we highlight how evolutionary effects can be positive or negative for coexistence, depending on these two components. Finally, we illustrate how the approach can be applied, using empirical examples derived from the literature. We thereby highlight the critical ingredients needed to inform the graphical approach, its potential use for proposing testable scenarios, but also clarify its limits.