Ecological tradeoffs lead to complex evolutionary trajectories and sustained diversity on dynamic fitness landscapes

The course and outcome of evolution are critically determined by the fitness landscape, which maps genotype to fitness. Most theory has considered static fitness landscapes or fitness landscapes that fluctuate according to abiotic environmental changes. In the presence of biotic interactions between coexisting genotypes, the fitness landscape becomes dynamic and frequency-dependent. Here, we introduce a fitness landscape model that incorporates ecological interactions between individuals in a population. In the model, fitness is determined by individuals competing for resources according to a set of traits they possess. An individuals genotype determines the trait values through a Rough Mount Fuji fitness landscape model, allowing for tunable epistasis (i.e., non-additive gene interaction) and trait correlations (i.e., whether there are tradeoffs or synergies in the ability to use resources). Focusing on the effects of epistasis and trait correlations, we quantify the resulting eco-evolutionary dynamics under simulated Wright-Fisher dynamics (i.e., including genetic drift, mutation, and selection under the assumption of a constant population size) on the dynamics fitness landscape in comparison with a similar, static, fitness landscape model without ecological interactions. Whereas the non-ecological model ultimately leads to the maintenance of one main geno-type in the population, evolution in the ecological model can lead to the long-term coexistence of several genotypes at intermediate frequencies across much of the parameter range. Including ecological interactions increases steady-state diversity whenever the trait correlations are not too strong. However, strong epistasis can hinder coexistence, and additive genotype-phenotype maps yield the highest haplotype diversity at the steady state. Interestingly, we frequently observe long-term coexistence also in the absence of induced trade-offs in the ability to consume resources. In summary, our simulation study presents a new dynamic fitness landscape model that highlights the complex eco-evolutionary consequences of a (finite) genotype-phenotype-fitness map in the presence of biotic interactions.