Tracking exocytic vesicle movements reveals the spatial control of secretion in epithelial cells.

Understanding how specific secretory cargoes are targeted to distinct domains of the plasma membrane in epithelial cells requires analysing the trafficking of post-Golgi vesicles to their sites of secretion. We used the RUSH (retention using selective hooks) system to synchronously release an apical cargo, Cadherin 99C (Cad99C), and a basolateral cargo, the ECM protein Nidogen, from the endoplasmic reticulum and follow their movements to the plasma membrane. We also developed an interactive vesicle tracking framework, MSP-tracker and viewer, that exploits developments in computer vision and deep learning to determine vesicle trajectories in a noisy environment without the need for extensive training data. MSP-tracker outperformed other tracking software in detecting and tracking post-Golgi vesicles, revealing that Cad99c vesicles predominantly move apically with a mean speed of 1.1{micro}m/sec. This is reduced to 0.85 {micro}m/sec by a dominant slow dynein mutant, demonstrating that dynein transports Cad99C vesicles to the apical cortex. Furthermore, both the dynein mutant and microtubule depolymerisation cause lateral Cad99C secretion. Thus, microtubule organisation plays a central role in targeting apical secretion, suggesting that Drosophila does not have distinct apical versus basolateral vesicle fusion machinery. Nidogen vesicles undergo planar-polarised transport to the leading edge of follicle cells as they migrate over the ECM, whereas most Collagen is secreted at trailing edges. The follicle cells therefore bias secretion of different ECM components to opposite sides of the cell, revealing that the secretory pathway is more spatially organised than previously thought.