A histidine cluster determines YY1-compartmentalized coactivators and chromatin elements in phase-separated super-enhancers

Abstract

As an oncogenic transcription factor, Yin Yang 1 (YY1) regulates enhancer and promoter connection. However, gaps still exist in understanding how YY1 coordinates coactivators and chromatin elements to assemble super-enhancers. Here, we demonstrate that YY1 activates FOXM1 gene expression through forming liquid-liquid phase separation to compartmentalize both coactivators and enhancer elements. In the transactivation domain of YY1, a histidine cluster is essential for its activities of forming phase separation, which can be extended to additional proteins. Coactivators EP300, BRD4, MED1 and active RNA polymerase II are components of YY1-rich nuclear puncta. Consistently, histone markers for gene activation, but not repression, colocalize with YY1. Importantly, multiple enhancer elements and the FOXM1 promoter are bridged by YY1 to form super-enhancers. These studies propose that YY1 is a general transcriptional activator, and promotes phase separation with incorporation of major coactivators and stabilization by distal enhancers to activate target gene expression.