scLASER: a robust framework for simulating and detecting time-dependent single-cell dynamics in longitudinal studies

Longitudinal single-cell clinical studies enable tracking within-individual cellular dynamics, but methods for modeling temporal phenotypic changes and estimating power remain limited. We present scLASER, a framework detecting time-dependent cellular neighborhood dynamics and simulating longitudinal single-cell datasets for power estimation. Across benchmark experiments, scLASER shows consistently higher sensitivity than traditional cluster--based approaches, with particularly pronounced gains in rare cell types and non-linear temporal patterns. Applications to inflammatory bowel disease (95,813 cells, 38 patients) reveal treatment-responsive NOTCH3+ stromal trajectories with high cell type discrimination (AUC > 0.92), while analysis of COVID-19 data (188,181 cells, 84 patients) identifies three distinct axes of T cell activity (cytotoxic effector, NK immunoreceptor signaling, and interferon-stimulated gene programs) over disease progression. scLASER enables robust longitudinal single-cell analysis and optimization of study design. TeaserA new framework detects time-dependent cellular dynamics and enables power estimation for longitudinal clinical single-cell studies.