TI-Toolbox: An Open-Source Software for Temporal Interference Stimulation Research

BackgroundTemporal interference stimulation is a novel non-invasive brain stimulation approach that promises selective targeting of deep brain structures while minimizing off-target cortical stimulation. Despite a growing interest in temporal interference applications, there is a need for integrated computational tools that seamlessly connect neuroimaging data preprocessing through montage optimization, field simulation, and analysis within a unified framework designed for translational and clinical research. MethodsWe developed TI-Toolbox, an open-source software platform that integrates established neuroimaging tools (dcm2niix, SimNIBS, FreeSurfer) with specialized algorithms for temporal interference research. The platform provides end-to-end workflows encompassing structural MRI preprocessing, volume conduction modeling, montage optimization, electric field simulation, and region-of-interest analysis. Both graphical user interface and command-line interface implementations ensure accessibility across user expertise levels. The platform employs containerized deployment via Docker to ensure reproducibility and cross-platform compatibility. ResultsTI-Toolbox successfully automates the complete temporal interference research pipeline, from DICOM conversion through final field analysis. The platform demonstrates robust performance across operating systems and provides standardized workflows that enhance reproducibility. Furthermore, our case studies support the validity of our HD-EEG mapping approach for montage standardization and the need for individualized modeling for exposure assessment. ConclusionsTI-Toolbox addresses critical infrastructure gaps in temporal interference research by providing researchers with a unified, validated platform that reduces technical barriers and accelerates translational research in non-invasive deep brain stimulation. HighlightsO_LIOpen-source platform unifying TI stimulation workflow end-to-end C_LIO_LIDocker deployment ensures reproducibility across operating systems C_LIO_LIHD-EEG electrode mapping preserves field characteristics C_LIO_LIStandardized model is sufficient for montage optimization C_LIO_LIAnatomical differences explain >40% of inter-individual variability C_LI