Prefrontal Cortex Encodes Value Pop-out in Visual Search

Recent evidence shows that long-term object value association can lead to efficient visual search. However, the neural mechanism of this value pop-out has yet to be understood. Given the known role of the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (vlPFC) in visual search and value memory, we recorded its single-unit activity (n=526) in two macaque monkeys while they engaged in the value-driven search. Monkeys had to determine whether a high-value target was present within a variable number of low-value objects. Interestingly, differential neural firing, as well as gamma-band power, indicated the presence of a target within [~]150ms of display onset. This differential activity was negatively correlated with search time and became less display size-dependent for more efficient searches. On the other hand, neural firing and its variability were higher in inefficient searches. These findings reveal the neural code within vlPFC for rapid detection of valuable targets, which can be crucial for animals faced with competition. Significance StatementSearch for rewarding objects is ubiquitous and crucial for animals and humans alike. Up until recently, it was thought that visual search for valuable targets that were otherwise not distinct by low-level features should be serial and slow. Contrary to this belief, we showed that given sufficient reward training, valuable objects can be found efficiently in search suggesting a value pop-out neural mechanism. Importantly, we reveal the neural activity in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) to be predictive of the degree of value-driven search efficiency. Given the role of PFC in object value memory, these results show how PFC can translate such memories to emulate the parallel processing of visual information independent of low-level visual features.