Mechanistic Insights into Cross-β Sheet Formation in the HIV-Associated Amyloidogenic Peptide PAP248-286 from Unbiased All-Atom Molecular Dynamics Simulation

Abstract

Semen-derived enhancer of viral infection (SEVI) fibrils, assembled from the peptide fragment PAP248-286, enhance HIV transmission by promoting viral attachment to host cells. However, the molecular basis of SEVI nucleation and early aggregation remains unclear. Here, we conducted 80 independent all-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulations spanning a total of 40 s, together with 100 independent steered MD and umbrella sampling runs, to explore the dimerization and dissociation of PAP248-286 Our results show that hydrogen bonding is the dominant stabilizing force driving {beta}-sheet formation during peptide association. Residue-level analyses identified Arg10, Val17, Glu19, and Ile20 as key contributors to inter-peptide binding, consistent with steric zipper motifs described in other amyloid systems. Steered MD revealed mechanically resilient dimers with average rupture forces of [~]20 kcal/mol/[A] and multi-barrier unbinding behavior. Umbrella sampling estimated a peptide dissociation free energy of [~]8.7 kcal/mol, highlighting a clear thermodynamic separation between bound and unbound states. Together, these findings suggest that small {beta}-sheet nuclei in PAP248-286 dimers act as cooperative intermediates that seed the formation of full-length cross-{beta} structures, providing atomistic insights into the earliest steps of SEVI fibril assembly.