Complex evolutionary history of the Y chromosome in flies of the Drosophila obscura species group

The Drosophila obscura species group shows dramatic variation in karyotype, including transitions among sex chromosomes. Members of the affinis and pseudoobscura subgroups contain a neo-X chromosome (a fusion of the X with an autosome), and it was shown that ancestral Y genes of Drosophila have become autosomal in species that contain the neo-X. Detailed analysis in species of the pseudoobscura subgroup revealed a translocation of ancestral Y genes to the small dot chromosome of that group. Here, we show that the Y-dot translocation is restricted to the pseudoobscura subgroup, and translocation of Y genes in the affinis subgroup followed a different route. We find that most ancestral Y genes moved independently to autosomal or X-linked locations in different taxa of the affinis subgroup, and we propose a dynamic model of sex chromosome formation and turnover in the obscura species group. Our results show that Y genes can find unique paths to escape an unfavorable genomic environment.