DeepARG: A deep learning approach for predicting antibiotic resistance genes from metagenomic data

Growing concerns regarding increasing rates of antibiotic resistance call for global monitoring efforts. Monitoring of environmental media (e.g., wastewater, agricultural waste, food, and water) is of particular interest as these media can serve as sources of potential novel antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), as hot spots for ARG exchange, and as pathways for the spread of ARGs and human exposure. Next-generation sequence-based monitoring has recently enabled direct access and profiling of the total metagenomic DNA pool, where ARGs are identified or predicted based on the \"best hits\" of homology searches against existing databases. Unfortunately, this approach tends to produce high rates of false negatives. To address such limitations, we propose here a deep leaning approach, taking into account a dissimilarity matrix created using all known categories of ARGs. Two models, deepARG-SS and deepARG-LS, were constructed for short read sequences and full gene length sequences, respectively. Performance evaluation of the deep learning models over 30 classes of antibiotics demonstrates that the deepARG models can predict ARGs with both high precision (>0.97) and recall (>0.90) for most of the antibiotic resistance categories. The models show advantage over the traditional best hit approach by having consistently much lower false negative rates and thus higher overall recall (>0.9). As more data become available for under-represented antibiotic resistance categories, the deepARG models performance can be expected to be further enhanced due to the nature of the underlying neural networks. The deepARG models are available both in command line version and via a Web server at http://bench.cs.vt.edu/deeparg. Our newly developed ARG database, deepARG-DB, containing predicted ARGs with high confidence and high degree of manual curation, greatly expands the current ARG repository. DeepARG-DB can be downloaded freely to benefit community research and future development of antibiotic resistance-related resources.\n\nAbbreviations