The Coevolution of Promoters and Transcription Factors in Animal and Plant Cells

Coevolution has been acknowledged to play a significant role in driving the evolution of molecules and species. Promoters and transcription factors (TFs), especially their interactions, are key determinants for the regulation of gene expression. However, the evolutionary processes and mechanisms of promoter and TF interactions are still poorly understood. Here we conduct extensive physicochemical analyses of multi-omics sequences in 440 animal species and 223 plant species which span nearly one billion years of phylogeny. We demonstrate that promoters and TFs obey antagonistic coevolution in the animal kingdom while follow mutualistic coevolution in the plant kingdom. Furthermore, we reveal that such two coevolutionary strategies result in different evolutionary transitions of transcriptional networks in the two kingdoms. These results suggest that the two distinct coevolutionary mechanisms are likely to be major drivers of far greater genetic divergence between animals and plants, and open a new door to understanding the roles of promoters and TFs in tumor initiation and progression, and human ageing as well in molecular interactions and evolution.