Microbial composition in larval water enhances Aedes aegypti development but reduces transmissibility of Zika virus

Abstract

Arthropod-borne viral (arboviral) pathogens comprise a significant global disease burden, and outbreaks are expected to increase as vectors expand. Surveillance and mitigation of arboviruses like Zika virus (ZIKV) require accurate estimates of transmissibility by vector mosquitoes. While numerous laboratory vector competence experiments show that Aedes spp. mosquitoes are competent ZIKV vectors, differences in experimental protocols prevent direct comparisons of relative transmissibility across studies. An understudied factor complicating these comparisons is differential environmental microbiota exposures, where most vector competence studies use mosquitoes reared in laboratory tap water, which does not represent the microbial complexity of environmental water where wild larvae develop. We simulated natural larval development by rearing Californian Aedes aegypti with microbes obtained from cemetery headstone water, a common larval habitat in California, compared to conventional laboratory tap water. Ae. aegypti larvae reared in environmental cemetery water pupated 3 days faster and at higher rates. Female adult mosquitoes reared in environmental water were less competent vectors of ZIKV compared to laboratory water-reared Ae. aegypti, as evidenced by significantly reduced infection and transmission rates for two 2015 ZIKV strains and in two Ae. aegypti colonies from California. Microbiome comparisons of laboratory- and environment-water reared mosquitoes as well as their rearing water showed significantly higher bacterial diversity in environment water; despite this pattern, corresponding differences in diversity were not consistently detected in adult mosquitoes reared in different water sources. We also detected more significant associations between the microbial composition of adult mosquitoes and whether they ingested a bloodmeal than larval water type. Together, these results highlight the role of transient microbes in the larval environment in modulating vector competence. Laboratory vector competence likely overestimates true transmissibility of arboviruses like ZIKV when conventional laboratory water is used for rearing. ImportanceWe observed that Ae. aegypti mosquitoes reared in water from cemetery headstones instead of the laboratory tap exhibited a reduced capacity to become infected with and transmit Zika virus. Water from the environment contained more bacterial species than tap water, but these bacteria were not consistently detected in adult mosquitoes. Our results suggest that rearing mosquito larvae in water collected from local environments as opposed to laboratory tap water, as is conventional, provides a more realistic assessment of vector competence since it better recapitulates the natural environment in which larvae develop. Given that laboratory vector competence is used to define the species to target for control, use of environmental water to rear larvae could better approximate the microbial exposures of wild mosquitoes, lessening the potential for overestimating transmission risk.