Ca2+-driven nanodomain enrichment and plasma membrane proteome remodelling enable bacterial outer membrane vesicle perception in rice

O_LIXanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) releases OMVs; however, the role of Xoo-OMVs in Xoo-rice interaction has not yet been studied. We investigated the early signalling events underlying Xoo-OMV perception by rice to gain insight into early plant-pathogen interactions. C_LIO_LIWe observed that Xoo-OMVs are perceived by rice through a rapid and unique Ca2+ signal that is essential to evoke an immune response. By confocal imaging and proteomic analysis of the rice PM, we found that the Ca2+ signal is required for Xoo-OMV-induced nanodomain enrichment and for the aggregation of defence response-associated proteins in rice PM. C_LIO_LIThe differential assembly of proteins in the PM helps the plant defend itself against Xoo. In the absence of the early Ca2+ signal, Xoo-OMVs are not perceived by the plant, resulting in a compromised immune response. C_LIO_LICollectively, our study shows that Xoo-OMVs are recognised by rice via Ca2+ signal-induced nanodomain assembly leading to protein reorganisation in the PM to prepare the plant for an imminent pathogen invasion. C_LI