A novel and highly specific Forssman antigen-binding protein from sheep polyomavirus

Abstract

Polyomaviruses are small, non-enveloped double-stranded DNA viruses of humans and other mammals, birds, and fish. Infections are usually asymptomatic and result in latency, however, some polyomaviruses can induce severe diseases, including cancer, in immunocompromised individuals. Established cellular receptors for polyomavirus infection are sialylated glycolipids (such as gangliosides), membrane proteins, and glycosaminoglycans. Polyomaviruses are usually highly host specific but the exact principles that govern host tropism remain unknown in many cases. Here, glycan array screening shows that the major capsid protein VP1 of sheep polyomavirus (ShPyV) binds to the Forssman glycolipid, an antigen of many vertebrates and a potential tumor marker in humans. Following closer investigation, we can report for the first time that a neutral, non-sialylated glycolipid acts as a polyomavirus receptor. Concurrently, we present the first report of a viral protein that specifically engages the Forssman antigen. We demonstrate that ShPyV VP1 binds to Forssman-positive erythrocytes but not those of human A, B and O blood groups, which is a clear distinction from features thus far described for Forssman lectins. X-ray crystallography and structural analysis of the VP1-Forssman glycan complex define the terminal Forssman disaccharide as the determinant of this protein-receptor interaction. These results strongly suggest that the sheep polyomavirus can use Forssman antigen for infectious cell entry. Furthermore, the ability of ShPyV VP1 to distinguish Forssman-positive from -negative cells may prove useful for monitoring the Forssman- status of normal, preneoplastic and neoplastic cells and tissues and establishing the antigen level as a biomarker. Author summaryElucidation of host cell receptor specificities of viral infection is crucial to understand the pathobiology of associated diseases and develop treatments. However, for many polyomaviruses the receptor engagement as the initial event in infection is poorly understood. In only a few cases polyomavirus tropism has been pinned down to a single type of glycan receptor. While many polyomaviruses utilize sialyl glycans to attach to host cells, the role of non-sialylated glycans as receptors is so far underestimated. Here, we show for the first time that a glycan of neutral charge, in this case the carbohydrate portion of the Forssman antigen, acts as a ligand for a polyomavirus capsid protein and may thus contribute to host tropism and infective cell entry. These results represent a significant addition to knowledge on polyomavirus-glycan interactions and complement general principles of carbohydrate engagement by viruses. Furthermore, as a specific binding protein of Forssman antigen, VP1 may help to determine levels of this antigen in healthy and malignant tissues in humans.