Comparative Analysis of Phytochemical Constituents of Ginkgo Biloba Flowers and Leaves, and Evaluation of Their Biological Activities

BackgroundsGinkgo biloba L. has attracted much attention for its unique chemical composition and pharmacological properties, and most of the research focused on Ginkgo biloba leaves (GBL). Our preliminary research found that Ginkgo biloba flowers (GBF) were superior to GBL in terms of anti-radiation activity, but the underlying cause of this discrepancy in activity remains elusive. ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to systematically compare the chemical and nutritional composition of Ginkgo biloba flowers and leaves, to further elucidate the material basis of the medicinal and nutritional value of Ginkgo biloba flowers, and to conduct further comparative studies on the anti-ferroptosis activity and anti-radiation activity of the two. MethodsIn this study, the chemical constituents of GBF and GBL were identified by UPLC-Q-orbitrap HRMS, and the contents of amino acids, fatty acids, inorganic elements, purines, and ceramides of both were determined. Meanwhile, the anti-iron death activity and anti-radiation activity of GBF and GBL were comparatively studied by cellular experiments. ResultsThe results showed that the content of chemical components such as flavonoids and other nutrients such as amino acids, fatty acids, and ceramides were richer in GBF than in GBL, and GBF was indeed superior to GBL in terms of anti-radiation and anti-ferroptosis activity. ConclusionThrough in-depth analyses of the chemical and nutritional compositions of Ginkgo biloba flowers and leaves, the present study reveals the possible material basis for the stronger activity of GBF and provides theoretical support for its application in nutraceuticals and pharmaceuticals, especially in the development of functional nutraceuticals and anti-radiation drugs with higher health benefits.