A common stay-on-goal mechanism in anterior cingulate cortex for information and effort choices

Abstract

Humans and non-humans alike often make choices to gain information, even when the information cannot be used to change the outcome. Prior research has shown the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is important for evaluating options involving reward-predictive information. Here we studied the role of ACC in information choices using optical inhibition to evaluate the contribution of this region during specific epochs of decision making. Rats could choose between an uninformative option followed by a cue that predicted reward 50% of the time vs. a fully informative option that signaled outcomes with certainty, but was rewarded only 20% of the time. Reward seeking during the informative S+ cue decreased following ACC inhibition, indicating a causal contribution of this region in supporting reward expectation to a cue signaling reward with certainty. Separately in a positive control experiment and in support of a known role for this region in sustaining high-effort behavior for preferred rewards, we observed reduced lever presses and lower breakpoints in effort choices following ACC inhibition. The lack of changes in reward latencies in both types of decisions indicate the motivational value of rewards remained intact, revealing instead a common role for ACC in maintaining persistence toward certain and valuable rewards. Graphical Summary O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=59 SRC="FIGDIR/small/619920v2_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1"> View larger version (11K): org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@6fa3b2org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1642fa8org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@74d4d9org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@421297_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP M_FIG C_FIG Significance StatementWe often make choices to gain information, even when the information cannot be used to change the outcome. Here we investigated the precise timing of the role of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) in decisions that involve seeking certain versus uncertain rewards. By optically inhibiting ACC neurons, we demonstrate that this region is crucial for maintaining persistence toward rewards signaled with certainty, without altering the motivational value of the reward itself. In a positive control experiment, we also confirm that ACC is important in effort-based choice. The findings reveal a common role for ACC in maintaining persistence toward certain and valuable rewards, necessary for making optimal decisions. These results have implications for understanding psychiatric disorders involving maladaptive reward-seeking behavior.