Mobile stamens enhance pollen dispersal by scaring floral visitors away

Animal-pollinated plants have to get pollen to a conspecific stigma while protecting it from getting eaten. We provide experimental evidence that touch-sensitive stamens function in (i) enhancing pollen export and (ii) reducing pollen loss to thieves. Stamens of Berberis and Mahonia are inserted between paired nectar glands and when touched by an insects tongue rapidly snap forward so that their valvate anthers press pollen on the insects tongue or face. We immobilized the stamens in otherwise unmodified flowers and studied pollen transfer in the field and under enclosed conditions. On flowers with immobilized stamens, the commonest bee visitor stayed up to 3.6x longer, yet removed 1.3x fewer pollen grains and deposited 2.1x fewer grains on stigmas per visit. Self-pollen from a single stamen hitting the stigma amounted to 6% of the grains received from single bee visits. Bees discarded pollen passively placed on their bodies, likely because of its berberine content; nectar has no berberine. Syrphid flies fed on both nectar and pollen, taking more when stamens were immobilized. Pollen-tracking experiments in two species showed that mobile-stamen-flowers donate pollen to many more recipients. These results demonstrate another mechanism by which plants simultaneously meter out their pollen and reduce pollen theft. HighlightsO_LIStamens that snap forward when triggered by a flower visitor may serve to meter out pollen, scare away pollen thieves, or place pollen more accurately. C_LIO_LIWe tested these hypotheses by experimentally immobilizing all six stamens in numerous flowers of Berberis and Mahonia species in the field and under enclosed conditions. C_LIO_LIIn flowers with immobilized stamens, the commonest bee species stayed up to 3.6x longer, yet removed 1.3x fewer pollen grains and deposited 2.1x fewer grains on stigmas per visit. Mobile stamens exported their pollen to significantly more neighboring flowers. C_LI Graphic abstractBehaviour and pollen transfer after flower visitors received a beating on the tongue or in the face by the forward-snapping stamens of Berberis. Stamens only snap forward if their filament basis is touched by an insect tongue. O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=184 SRC="FIGDIR/small/498951v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1"> View larger version (56K): org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1dff517org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@53f369org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1918627org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@fe9447_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP M_FIG C_FIG