Stochastic splicing and deterministic inclusion of variable exons promote diversification of Down Syndrome Cell Adhesion Molecule expression

Abstract

Mutually alternative splicing in Down Syndrome Cell Adhesion Molecule (Dscam) gene of arthropods generates extraordinary molecular diversity producing tens of thousands of isoforms. From three clusters of variable exons directing homophilic interactions, one single exon is selected. Homophilic repulsion of identical isoforms directs branching of axons running in neuronal tracts, and of dendrites for generation of overlapping dendritic fields through selection of different variants in neighbouring cells. Here, we investigate the spatial inclusion of Dscam alternative exons in Drosophila and honey bees using reporter genes and in situ hybridizations, respectively. In Drosophila, we find that Dscam variable clusters 4 and 9 splicing is not always productive in reporters, resulting in suppressed expression in optic lobes and variable expression across identical cells in salivary glands and photoreceptor fields. However, in photoreceptor neurons in larvae, we find repetitive inclusion of specific variants suggesting that stochastic expression is generated at the level of splicing of the variable cluster, but inclusion of variants follows a deterministic path. Likewise, we find in larval brains, inclusion of exon 4 and 9 variants in compartmentalised and repetitive patterns. In foraging honey bees, inclusion of exon 4 and 10 variants occurs in compartmentalised patterns differing between mushroom body lobes and individuals. This indicates that initial equal inclusion of exon variants is directed to compartmentalised inclusion through experience. These findings detail a new model of experience directed alternative splicing in Dscam incorporating stochasticity through splicing productivity and deterministic selection of individual isoforms.