A model of the entrance pupil of the human eye

The pupil aperture of the iris is subject to refraction by the cornea, and thus an outside observer sees a virtual image: the \"entrance pupil\" of the eye. When viewed off-axis, the entrance pupil has an elliptical form. The precise appearance of the entrance pupil is the consequence of the anatomical and optical properties of the eye, and the relative positions of the eye and the observer. This paper presents a ray-traced, exact model eye that provides the parameters of the entrance pupil ellipse for an observer at an arbitrary location. The model is able to reproduce empirical measurements of the shape of the entrance pupil with good accuracy. I demonstrate that accurate specification of the entrance pupil of a stationary eye requires modeling of corneal refraction, the misalignment of the visual and optical axes, and the non-circularity of the pupil aperture. The model, including a three-dimensional ray-tracing function through quadric surfaces, is implemented in open-source MATLAB code.