A Lentiviral Envelope Signal Sequence is a Tetherin Antagonizing Protein

Abstract

Signal sequences are N-terminal peptides, generally less than 30 amino acids in length, that direct translocation of proteins into the endoplasmic reticulum and secretory pathway. The envelope glycoprotein (Env) of the nonprimate lentivirus Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) contains the longest signal sequence of all eukaryotic, prokaryotic and viral proteins (175 amino acids). The reason is unknown. Tetherin is a dual membrane-anchored host protein that inhibits the release of enveloped viruses from cells. Primate lentiviruses have evolved three antagonists: the small accessory proteins Vpu and Nef, and in the case of HIV-2, Env. Here we identify the FIV Env signal sequence (Fess) as the FIV tetherin antagonist. A short deletion in the central portion of Fess had no effect on viral replication in the absence of tetherin but severely impaired virion budding in its presence. Fess is necessary and sufficient, acting as an autonomous accessory protein with the rest of Env dispensable. In contrast to primate lentivirus tetherin antagonists, it functions by stringently blocking the incorporation of this restriction factor into viral particles rather than by degrading it or downregulating it from the plasma membrane.