Enhanced capillary pumping using open-channel capillary trees with integrated paper pads

The search for efficient capillary pumping has led to two main directions for investigation: first, assembly of capillary channels to provide high capillary pressures, and second, imbibition in absorbing fibers or paper pads. In the case of open microfluidics (i.e., channels where the top boundary of the fluid is in contact with air instead of a solid wall), the coupling between capillary channels and paper pads unites the two approaches and provides enhanced capillary pumping. In this work, we investigate the coupling of capillary trees-- networks of channels mimicking the branches of a tree--with paper pads placed at the extremities of the channels, mimicking the small capillary networks of leaves. It is shown that high velocities and flow rates (7 mm/s or 13.1 {micro}L/s) for more than 30 seconds using 50% (v/v) isopropyl alcohol, which has a 3-fold increase in viscosity in comparison to water; 6.5 mm/s or 12.1 {micro}L/s for more than 55 seconds with pentanol, which has an 3.75-fold increase in viscosity in comparison to water; >3.5 mm/s or 6.5 {micro}L/s for more than 150 seconds with nonanol, which has an 11-fold increase in viscosity in comparison to water) can be reached in the root channel, enabling higher sustained flow rates than that of capillary trees alone.