Envenomation leads to venom protein reduction and recovery delay in bumblebee workers
Safira Moog, Mario Dejung, Amitkumar Fulzele, James C. Carolan, Thomas J. Colgan
This study examines proteomic changes in bumblebee venom sacs after envenomation, finding reduced venom proteins and delayed recovery, suggesting molecular costs of venom usage.
bioRxiv · Jul 25, 2025 · PreprintZoology