Closed-loop auditory stimulation during sleep shapes cortical responses and memory consolidation depending on spindle timing
Tao Xia, Xingyi Jin, Danni Chen, Xibo Zuo, Yuanwei Yao, Yuan Zhang, Tifei Yuan, Zhe Zhang, Xiaoli Li A, Cora S. W. Lai, Xiaoqing Hu
This study shows that timing of auditory stimulation during sleep affects spindle dynamics and memory consolidation, with post-spindle stimulation improving motor memory but not word recall.
bioRxiv · Jun 2, 2026 · PreprintNeuroscience