A universal plug-and-display vaccine platform for mucosal and systemic immunity using Bacillus subtilis membrane vesicles
Kimihiro Abe, Takehito Wakabayashi, Hiroki Kawabata, Kozue Sato, Ryoma Nakao, Takehiro Yamaguchi, Hirotaka Kobayashi, Michiyo Kataoka, Tsutomu Sato, Yukihiro Akeda
This paper develops a universal vaccine platform using Bacillus subtilis membrane vesicles that elicit both systemic and mucosal immunity against Yersinia pestis.
bioRxiv · Aug 15, 2026 · PreprintBioengineering